Does the Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine Fall Within the Scope of the Rome Statute?

Authors

Keywords:

Ukraine, Rome Statute, International Criminal Court, cultural heritage, international armed conflict

Abstract

This article explores the issue of cultural heritage destruction in the context of the Russian aggression against Ukraine starting in 2014, with a particular focus on the events after 24 February 2022, from the viewpoint of international law. After portraying a brief history and current state of cultural heritage protection in the event of an international armed conflict, the analysis of the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on what is called 'crimes against or affecting cultural heritage' by the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court follows. The conclusion on partial coverage of the destruction of cultural heritage in Ukraine by the Rome Statute and a particular challenge regarding the destruction of the intangible cultural heritage is reached.

References

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), 2007 I.C.J. 43 (Feb. 26). https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/91/091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf

Bibliotheca Palatina. (2012). Bibliotheca Palatina — The story of a world-famous library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/en/bpd/bibliotheca_palatina/geschichte.html

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention. (1954, May 14). https://shorturl.at/XTK6y

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. (2003, October 17). https://shorturl.at/Dy85h

Gerstenblith, P. (2023). Development of the law of armed conflict as applied to cultural heritage. In A. J. González Zarandona, E. Cunliffe, & M. Saldin (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of heritage destruction (pp. 76–88). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003131069-6

International Criminal Court. (2016, September 27). ICC Trial Chamber VIII declares Mr Al Mahdi guilty of the war crime of attacking historic and religious buildings in Timbuktu and sentences him to nine years' imprisonment. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-trial-chamber-viii-declares-mr-al-mahdi-guilty-war-crime-attacking-historic-and-religious

Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communication of Ukraine. (2025, June 3). Due to russian aggression, 1,482 cultural heritage sites and 2,302 cultural infrastructure facilities were damaged in Ukraine. https://shorturl.at/vSvrh

Office of the Prosecutor. (2021). Policy on cultural heritage. International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/20210614-otp-policy-cultural-heritage-eng.pdf

Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, ICC-01/12-01/15 (International Criminal Court 2016).

Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, IT-04-74-A (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2017) (Dissenting Opinions of Judge Fausto Pocar). https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/9379b6/pdf/

Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstić, IT-98-33-T (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2001). https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/caselaw/icty/2001/en/40159

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I). (1977, June 8). https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998, July 17). https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf

Rubryka. (2025, May 11). During the occupation of Kherson, the Russians removed 23 thousand artifacts from the local history museum [in Ukrainian]. https://shorturl.at/I2hDn

Smith, C. (2023). Heritage destruction in conflict. In A. J. González Zarandona, E. Cunliffe, & M. Saldin (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of heritage destruction (pp. 37–54). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003131069-3

Smovzh, P. (2022, May 5). How the Ivankiv Museum with the paintings of Maria Prymachenko was being rescued [in Ukrainian]. Ukrinform. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3494824-ak-ratuvali-ivankivskij-muzej-z-kartinami-marii-primacenko.html

Suspilne. (2022, May 7). The Skovoroda Museum in Kharkiv region was destroyed as a result of Russian shelling [in Ukrainian]. https://shorturl.at/7S0Eo

UNESCO. (2025, June 11). Kyiv: UNESCO is deeply concerned about threats to World Heritage in Ukraine's capital. https://shorturl.at/uPCli

Wierczyńska, K., & Jakubowski, A. (2017). Individual responsibility for deliberate destruction of cultural heritage: Contextualizing the ICC judgment in the Al-Mahdi case. Chinese Journal of International Law, 16(4), 695–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmx029

Downloads

Published

2025-11-01

Issue

Section

Research Articles

Categories

How to Cite

Subbotina, N. (2025). Does the Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine Fall Within the Scope of the Rome Statute? Scientific Collection of the Ukrainian Free University, 26, 12-21. https://journal.ufu-muenchen.de/scufu/article/view/14